Arnold Schönberg

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(1874 – 1951)

Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg (the anglicized form of Schönberg – Schoenberg changed the spelling officially when he re-converted to Judaism in 1933) (September 13, 1874 – July 13, 1951) was an Austrian composer. One of the most important composers of the 20th century, he is particularly remembered as one of the first composers to embrace atonal motivic development, and for his twelve tone technique of composition using tone rows. He was also an important music theorist and an influential teacher of composition.

Biography

Arnold Schönberg was born to an Ashkenazi Jewish family in the Leopoldstadt district (in earlier times a Jewish ghetto) in Vienna. Although his mother Pauline, a native of Prague, was a piano teacher (his father Samuel, a native of Bratislava, was a wealthy shopkeeper), Arnold was largely self-taught, taking only counterpoint lessons with the composer Alexander von Zemlinsky, who was to become his first brother-in-law. In his twenties, he lived by orchestrating operettas while composing works such as the string sextet Verklärte Nacht (“Transfigured Night”) in 1899. He later made an orchestral version of this, which has come to be one of his most popular pieces. Both Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler recognized Schoenberg’s significance as a composer, Strauss when he encountered Schoenberg’s Gurre-Lieder, and Mahler after hearing several of Schoenberg’s early works. Mahler adopted Schoenberg as a protégé and worried about who would look after him after his death. Schoenberg, who criticized Mahler’s first several symphonies, was nevertheless influenced by Mahler’s art, championed his work and considered Mahler a “saint.
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